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BULK SOLIDS

A bulk material is composed of many individual particles which, for bulk material characterization, must be considered as a continuum. Many influencing factors exist, such as moisture, temperature, particle size, particle shape, surface structure or even mechanical properties such as elastic, viscoelastic, plastic or brittle behavior. The chemical composition, gravitational force, interparticle and electrostatic Van-Der-Waals forces also influence the physical behavior of the bulk material.

 

ANGLE OF REPOSE

DIN ISO 4324, ASTM D6393

The angle of repose corresponds to the hillside angle or the slope angele of an embankment. The angle of repose is calculated from the resulting height to the diameter of the bulk cone. It is needed to determine the volume or space requirement for heap storage or in the top of a silo. The angle of repose is often used as an indicator for the flowability of unconsolidated powder. Larger angle of repose indicate a poorer flow behavior. However, the angle of repose is not suitable for physical calculations of the flow behavior. Only in the case of cohesionless bulk solids, the angle of repose is equal to the internal and the effective friction angle of the shear test.

 

Flow property Angle of reqose
Excellent 25 - 30
Good 31 - 35
Fair (aid not needed) 36 - 40
Passable (may hang up) 41 - 45
Poor (must agitate, vibrate) 46 - 55
Very poor 56 - 65
Extremely poor > 66

 

 

YIELD LOCI

The shear test will simulate the circumstances in which the powder typically behaves within handling equipment. Qualitative physical properties are obtained, which are used for further calculations. For the design of wowder storage and conveying equipments the data optained by shear test are required. The standard measurement of the yield locus is taken from classic soil mechanics. Shear cell testing involves applying force to a powder sample at shearing. This data can be used directly in design methods for hoppers and bins. The flowability of powders depends on the consolidation stress. In the shear test the yield loci are determined for various normal stresses consolidated with the same pre-shear load. That means that each yield locus represents the shear resistance for the same consolidation conditions.

The powder changes packaging density depending on load and movement and therefore has a yield point dependent on the tension condition. The tension condition describes the yield point where the powder starts to move on the gliding area under influence of the shear stress (Τ). This is when it starts to flow.

By transferring the tensions into a normal loads(σ) – shear stress(τ) – diagram, a geometrical representation of the steady-state conditions in an arbitrary cutting planes in Mohr’s tension circle will be generated. Each (σ,τ) combination on the resulting line leads to the flowing of the powder. Tension conditions below the lines are stable, but above are physically not possible.

 

Fließort

Mohr’s circle describes all stresses at a point in the powder mass. The minor an major principal stress are on the σ-axes. The midpoint of Mohr’s circle represents the average stress between major and minor principal stress. The stresses can only grow until the shear stress reaches the value where plastic deformation occurs. Stresses above this value are not possible.

 

Spannungen im SchüttgutThe major principal stress causes consolidation to the corresponding density. Therefore, it is also the base parameter for other functions.

 

If another Mohr’s circle with the smallest principal stress of zero is constructed, which will touch the yield locus, then the compressive strength (σd) of the bulk material will result at the major principal stress. The ratio of compressive strength to the largest principal stress is used to classify the flowability of a bulk material. Compressive strength is also important for determining bridging in a silo.

 

These measurements and evaluation of the same provide a basic physical parameter that can be used to calculate other parameters, such as:

  • Internal friction angle (φi),
  • Effective angle of friction (φe),
  • Cohesion (Τc),
  • Compressive strength (σ c ),
  • Flowability factor (FL or ffc),
  • Bulk density after consolidation
  • ...

 

file name YL-250-a.yl
date 05 May 2016
material validation powder
client SHEAR-TEST.com
operator MB
humidity 12.47 % Moisture
note  

 

device ST200AUTO
shear cell RSL ST30.cel

Δσ + 0 Pa
ΔΤ + 0 Pa
use prorating

ρb0 = 0.479 g/cm³ bulk density
ρbr = 0.7382 g/cm³ density σr
       
YIELD LOCUS EVALUATION RESULTS
φe = 33.5 deg effective angle of friction ≙ Φi at EN1991-4 ⇒ K
φi = 29.9 deg angle of internal friction ≙ Φc at EN1991-4 [DEM := static friction]
Τc = 1174 Pa cohesion [DEM := cohesion]
σ1 = 49962 Pa major principal stress
σ2 = 14452 Pa minor principal stress
σc = 4665 Pa unconfined compressive strength
σt = -1182 Pa tensile strength
...    
FL = 10.71 flowability factor = ffc = σ1 / σc
R = 0.999 coefficient of correlation
...    

 

Effective friction angle

It is important that the location of the flow site is dependent of the packing density of the sample. For each initial density, there is a corresponding flow location. Because the exact load in the application is not known, several loci with different reference stresses(σr) are measured in order to interpolate the results. The effective friction angle(φe) is a function which is tangent to the large Mohr’s circles. Using the function of the effective friction angle, the horizontal load ratio (λ) can be calculated for any stress state between the measured flow locations.


efective friction angle


Three yield loci (blue) of the same material at different reference stresses (σr)
showing the effective flow function (red)

 

Calculate any stress state between the measured yield loci

Principal stresses from the effective angle of friction σ1e), σ2e)
Unconfined compressive strength from the flow function σd1)
Berechnung der Spannungen im Silo DIN 1055-6, EN 1991-4 - Messwerte yield locus effective angele of friction flow function
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